Raab pushed the project through so successfully that his name was identified with the program, which became known as Raabisation. Leopold Clement of Lorraine was first considered to be the appropriate suitor, and he was supposed to visit Vienna and meet the Archduchess in 1723. She delivered her last child, Maximilian Francis, during the Seven Years' War, aged 39. "[167] After much contemplation, she chose not to abdicate. However, the sovereign, whose name is associated with the Austrian Age of Reform, was a reformer against her will. DIED: October 16, 1793 BIRTHPLACE: Vienna, Austria PARENTS: Maria Theresa and Francis I SPOUSE: Louis XVI (1770-1793) CHILDREN: Marie-Thrse-Charlotte, Louis-Joseph, Louis XVII, and Sophie. [78], Maria Theresa's mother, Empress Elisabeth Christine, died in 1750. In May 1780, a group of Moravians who had assembled for a worship service on the occasion of her birthday were arrested and deported to Hungary. Maria Theresa: Maria Theresa was the Holy Roman Empress from. Maria Theresa and her reforms | Die Welt der Habsburger 40 years For 40 years Maria Theresa reigned as Archduchess of Austria, and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia. In resistance, Frederick II's army invaded and claimed Silesia. How did Maria Theresa claim absolute power in Austria? Maria Theresa was born next, followed by two more daughters, Maria Anna (1718-1744) and Maria Amalia (1724-1730). Therefore as far as possible, the Jews are to be kept away and avoided. He complained that "no consideration was being taken for the landlords, who were threatened with the loss of more than half their income. Thus, the efforts of Kaunitz and Starhemberg managed to pave a way for a Diplomatic Revolution; previously, France was one of Austria's archenemies together with Russia and the Ottoman Empire, but after the agreement, they were united by a common cause against Prussia. None. Maria Theresa ignored the risk of infection and embraced her daughter-in-law before the sick chamber was sealed to outsiders. On 29 November, she died surrounded by her remaining children. In 1740, Maria Theresa succeeded the Habsburg throne. Maria Theresa was one of the most powerful rulers of her time, and was as stern with her children as she was with her nation. [5] The Emperor, who spent his entire reign securing the Pragmatic Sanction, left Austria in an impoverished state, bankrupted by the recent Turkish war and the War of the Polish Succession;[32] the treasury contained only 100,000 florins, which were claimed by his widow. The eldest of the surviving children was Maria Anna (1738-1789 . [79], Smallpox was a constant threat to members of the royal family. Maria Theresa started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, died on 20 October 1740. Maria Antonia's education was neglected, and when the French showed an interest in her, her mother went about educating her as best she could about the court of Versailles and the French. [85], In October 1767, Maria Theresa's sixteen-year-old daughter Josepha also showed signs of the disease. By signing up, you'll get thousands of step-by-step solutions to your homework questions. Other powerful women in history did not face that triple challenge. [58] Charles Albert was unanimously elected Holy Roman Emperor as Charles VII on 24 January 1742, which made him the only non-Habsburg to be in that position since 1440. [22], The Duchess of Lorraine's love for her husband was strong and possessive. Her first intention was to deport all Jews by 1 January, but having accepted the advice of her ministers, had the deadline postponed. She promoted inoculation in Austria by hosting a dinner for the first sixty-five inoculated children in Schnbrunn Palace, waiting on the children herself. She even advocated for a state church[j] and contemporary adversary travelers criticized her regime as bigoted, intolerant and superstitious. Vienna was in a panic, as none of Maria Theresa's advisors had expected France to betray them. She criticized Maria Carolina for her political activities, Ferdinand for his lack of organization, and Maria Amalia for her poor French and haughtiness. Question: How many wars did Maria Theresa oversee? Since the rash appeared two days after Maria Josepha had visited the vault, the Archduchess must have been infected much before visiting the vault. For many of them, who are carrying debts, this would mean financial ruin. Thus, she established a Chastity Commission (Keuschheitskommission) in 1752[132] to clamp down on prostitution, homosexuality, adultery and even sex between members of different religions. [172] Subsequently, on 30 December 1777, Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria died without leaving any children. [37], The first display of the new queen's authority was the formal act of homage of the Lower Austrian Estates to her on 22 November 1740. In 1740 her father died unexpectedly at the age of 56, and Maria Theresa came into possession of the territories of Austria without having any political training. [117] She also refounded the Hofkammer in 1762, which was a ministry of finances that controlled all revenues from the monarchy. [123] Maria Theresa also banned the creation of new burial grounds without prior government permission, thus countering wasteful and unhygienic burial customs. In October 1740 the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI, the last male Habsburg ruler, died and was succeeded by his daughter Maria Theresa, the young wife of the grand duke of Tuscany, Francis Stephen of Lorraine. [86] Maria Theresa's losses to smallpox, especially in the epidemic of 1767, were decisive in her sponsoring trials to prevent the illness through inoculation, and subsequently insisting on members of the imperial family receiving inoculation. [66] The wider war dragged on for another three years, with fighting in northern Italy and the Austrian Netherlands; however, the core Habsburg domains of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia remained in Maria Theresa's possession. The day after the entrance of Prussia into Silesia, Francis Stephen exclaimed to the Prussian envoy, She explained her resolution to the Count furthermore: "I shall have all my armies, all my Hungarians killed off before I cede so much as an inch of ground.". 40 years For 40 years Maria Theresa reigned as Archduchess of Austria, and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia. Abdication alone can remedy matters. It is hardly credible how many books and productions of every species, and in every language, are proscribed by her. Subjects Social sciences How many wars did Maria Theresa oversee? "[140], Maria Theresa's reform established secular primary schools, which children of both genders from the ages of six to twelve were required to attend. Their eldest son, Joseph, became Holy Roman Emperor. Archduchess Josepha started showing smallpox rash two days after visiting the crypt and soon died. Maria Theresa thereupon wrote to her rival Frederick II of Prussia to request him to allow the Silesian school reformer Johann Ignaz von Felbiger to move to Austria. Austria had to leave the Prussian territories that were occupied. Stollberg-Rilinger notes that the reform of the primary schools in particular was the most long-lasting success of Maria Theresa's later reign, and one of the few policy agendas in which she was not in open conflict with her son and nominal co-ruler Joseph II. [141][140] The curriculum focused on social responsibility, social discipline, work ethic and the use of reason rather than mere rote learning. What did Maria Theresa do economically? The only female ruler on Austria's throne Even though her husband, Francis I, was the official ruler, Maria Theresa took charge of matters of state. [146], Her regime was also known for institutionalising censorship of publications and learning. She detests Your Majesty, but acknowledges your ability. [117] The Directory was transformed into the United Austrian and Bohemian Chancellery in 1761, which was equipped with a separate, independent judiciary and separate financial bodies. Signing the Treaty of Teschen was the final and one of the most important acts of Empress Maria Theresa's reign. [149] The census of 177071 gave the peasants opportunity to express their grievances directly to the royal commissioners and made evident to Maria Theresa the extent to which their poverty was the result of the extreme demands for forced labour (called "robota" in Czech) by the landlords. Answer to: How long did Khafre rule? Religion. However, these victories did not enable the Habsburgs to win the war, as the French and Habsburg armies were destroyed by Frederick at Rossbach in 1757. Nonetheless, the governing system remained centralised, and a strong institution made it possible for Kaunitz to increase state revenues substantially. [136], From an institutional perspective, in 1749, she founded the Supreme Judiciary as a court of final appeal for all hereditary lands. [154] In a letter to his brother Leopold, of 1775, Joseph complained that his mother intended to "abolish serfdom entirely and arbitrarily destroy the centuries-old property relations." In her last hours she wore her beloved husband's dressing gown. 30 Interesting And Awesome Facts About Frederick II The Maria Theresia Garden Square (Uzhhorod) was constructed in her memory as recently as 2013. At the end of the War of the Austrian Succession, Count Podewils was sent as an ambassador to the Austrian court by King Frederick II of Prussia. The 22million florins that Joseph inherited from his father was injected into the treasury. She permitted non-Catholics to attend university and allowed the introduction of secular subjects (such as law), which influenced the decline of theology as the main foundation of university education. The French plans fell apart when Charles VII died in January 1745. The imperial family staged opera productions, often conducted by Charles VI, in which she relished participating. She controlled the selection of archbishops, bishops and abbots. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress. [100] Her son and co-ruler Joseph regarded his mother's religious policies as "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous". The Triumphal Arch of the Lorraine was erected at the Porta Galla in celebration, where it remains today. Maria Theresa, desperate and burdened by pregnancy, wrote plaintively to her sister: "I don't know if a town will remain to me for my delivery. Her sense of justice pushed her to reject the idea of partition, which would hurt the Polish people. [48] Her coronation as Queen of Hungary suo jure took place in St. Martin's Cathedral, Pressburg (today's Bratislava), on 25 June 1741. Bohemia was particularly hard hit. Previously, various lands in the Habsburg realm had their own laws. The Viennese rioted at the cost of the war. [160] She described her state of mind shortly after Francis's death: "I hardly know myself now, for I have become like an animal with no true life or reasoning power. How many wars did Maria Theresa oversee? | Homework.Study.com Died in Vienna on 29 November 1780. [7] France, Spain, Saxony, Bavaria and Prussia later reneged. [11] Her spelling and punctuation were unconventional and she lacked the formal manner and speech which had characterised her Habsburg predecessors. maria theresa - otto, graph The war ended in 1748, after which. Bow Down Maria Theresa was the sole female ruler of the Habsburgs, and the last of her house. 3. [69] Before the war started, Kaunitz had been sent as an ambassador to Versailles from 17501753 to win over the French. He neglected the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy, who believed that a strong military and a rich treasury were more important than mere signatures. [65], Francis Stephen was elected Holy Roman Emperor on 13 September 1745. [49][50], By July, attempts at conciliation had completely collapsed. Her elder brother Leopold had died a short time before and the emperor was left without male issue. [43] Neipperg took command of the Austrian troops in March. It was in Joseph's interest that she remained sovereign, for he often blamed her for his failures and thus avoided taking on the responsibilities of a monarch. [128] In 1769, the Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana was published, and this was a codification of the traditional criminal justice system since the Middle Ages. [72] However, he was appointed only because of his familial relations; he turned out to be an incompetent military leader, and he was replaced by Leopold Joseph von Daun, Franz Moritz von Lacy and Ernst Gideon von Laudon. During this period, there was no rest for Maria Theresa during pregnancies or around the births; the war and child-bearing were carried on simultaneously. After the loss of Silesia, they implemented subsidies and trade barriers to encourage the move of Silesian textile industry to northern Bohemia. The only child she did not constantly scold was Maria Christina, who enjoyed her mother's complete confidence, though she failed to please her mother in one aspect she did not produce any surviving children. What Happened to Marie Antoinette's Children? - Biography Maria Theresa took a thoroughly pragmatic approach to the reforms. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Galicia and Lodomeria, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. Marie Antoinette, the 15th child of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and the powerful Habsburg empress Maria Theresa, was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1755-an age of . [10] Unlike many other members of the House of Habsburg, neither Maria Theresa's parents nor her grandparents were closely related to each other. From 1717 to 1745 Maria Theresa was born on 13 May, 1717, the daughter of the German Emperor Charles VI (1711-1740) and his wife Elizabeth von Braunschweig-Wolfenbttel. Maria Theresa of Austria (1717-1780) | Encyclopedia.com [125][87], In 1770, she enacted a strict regulation of the sale of poisons, and apothecaries were obliged to keep a poison register recording the quantity and circumstances of every sale. How did Maria Theresa rule for 40 years? Somewhat surprisingly, the nobles were supported by Maria Theresa's son and co-ruler Joseph II, who had earlier called for the abolition of serfdom. Maria Theresa claimed and eventually took Galicia and Lodomeria; in the words of Frederick, "the more she cried, the more she took". MARIA THERESA (HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE) ( Maria Theresa; 1717 - 1780; ruled 1740 - 1780), empress of Austria. Believing that the emperor must possess enough land to maintain his standing as emperor,[162] Maria Theresa, who was used to being assisted in the administration of her vast realms, declared Joseph to be her new co-ruler on 17 September 1765. She used them as pawns in dynastic games and sacrificed their happiness for the benefit of the state. Queen Elisabeth of Spain and Elector Charles Albert of Bavaria, married to Maria Theresa's deprived cousin Maria Amalia and supported by Empress Wilhelmine Amalia, coveted portions of her inheritance. [87], Shortly after giving birth to the younger children, Maria Theresa was confronted with the task of marrying off the elder ones. She is most unusually ambitious and hopes to make the House of Austria more renowned than it has ever been. Maria Theresa's children | Die Welt der Habsburger However, any sign of a return to Protestant practice was treated harshly, often by exile. In her own right, she was the ruler of Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia, among other countriesnot to mention her title as the "Empress Consort of the Holy Roman Empire." "[99] Her hatred was so deep that she was willing to tolerate Protestant businessmen and financiers in Vienna, such as the Swiss-born Johann von Fries, since she wanted to break free from the Jewish financiers. They claimed that the crown had no right to interfere with the serf system, since the nobles were the original owners of the land and had allowed the peasants to work it on stipulated conditions. [121] After Kaunitz became the head of the new Staatsrat, he pursued a policy of "aristocratic enlightenment" that relied on persuasion to interact with the estates, and he was also willing to retract some of Haugwitz's centralization to curry favour with them. She had spent months honing the equestrian skills necessary for the ceremony and negotiating with the Hungarian Diet. Finally, the war was concluded by the Treaty of Hubertusburg and Paris in 1763. Maria Theresa was one of the most powerful rulers of her time, and was as stern with her children as she was with . Maria Theresa replaced Maria Josepha as heir presumptive to the Habsburg realms the moment she was born; Charles VI had issued the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 which had placed his nieces behind his own daughters in the line of succession. Ironically, for this purpose, she was aided by Gerard van Swieten who was considered to be an "enlightened" man. In return, Austria would cede several towns in the Austrian Netherlands to the son-in-law of Louis XV, Philip of Parma, who in turn would grant his Italian duchies to Maria Theresa. Charles VI soon recalled them, as he feared he might die while his heiress was miles away in Tuscany. [89], Maria Theresa was not just critical of Marie Antoinette. [30][pageneeded], Charles VI died on 20 October 1740, probably of mushroom poisoning. [17] In 1725, he betrothed her to Charles of Spain and her sister, Maria Anna, to Philip of Spain. Furthermore, she significantly reduced the number of religious holidays and monastic orders. [114] Moreover, after Haugwitz was appointed the head of the new central administrative agency, dubbed the Directory, (Directorium in publicis et cameralibus) in 1749, he initiated a radical centralization of state institutions down to the level of the District Office (Kreisamt). Hungary and the limits of Habsburg authority - Michigan State University The council of state lacked executive or legislative authority; nevertheless, it showed the difference between the form of government employed by Maria Theresa and that of Frederick II of Prussia. She was a loving and caring mother and a courageous and forward . Crisis of Succession: In a monarchy with male-preference primogeniture, the son of the current ruler is typically considered the heir to the throne or empire. Prussia recognised Francis as emperor, and Maria Theresa once again recognised the loss of Silesia (with the exception of Austrian Silesia by the Treaty of Dresden in December 1745, ending the Second Silesian War). [138] Nevertheless, high rates of illiteracy persisted in some parts of Austria, half of the population was illiterate well into the 19th century,[140] The teacher training colleges (in particular the Vienna Normal School) produced hundreds of new teachers who spread the new system over the following decades. Because of the opposition, Maria Theresa was unable to carry out the planned reform and had to settle on a compromise. The invasion of Silesia by Frederick was the start of a lifelong enmity; she referred to him as "that evil man". Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree that removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy, and carried it out thoroughly. [179] With her death, the House of Habsburg died out and was replaced by the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. In addition to this, the Hofrechenskammer, or exchequer, was tasked with the handling of all financial accounts. She did not know enough about matters of state and she was unaware of the weakness of her father's ministers. Three years later, she prohibited the use of lead in any eating or drinking vessels; the only permitted material for this purpose was pure tin.[126]. [b] Maria Theresa developed a close relationship with Countess Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard, who taught her etiquette. A number of streets and squares were named after her throughout the empire as well as statues and monuments built. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors, and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. She, Minerva, and the rest of the "woman politicals" are locked in a cell with sixteen "nonpoliticals," some of whom are serving time for dangerous crimes. She was also named Holy Roman Empress when her husband was elected Holy Roman Emperor. Who Was Joseph II? [39] Frederick even offered a compromise: he would defend Maria Theresa's rights if she agreed to cede to him at least a part of Silesia. Maria Theresa's favourite child, Maria Christina, was born on her 25thbirthday, four days before the defeat of the Austrian army at Chotusitz. She was born a Princess of Naples as the eldest daughter of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Queen Maria Carolina . [42], Four of Maria Theresa's children died before reaching adolescence. Maria Theresa's physician Gerard van Swieten assured her that the infant was still living when baptized, but many at court doubted this. She overrode the objections of Gerard van Swieten (who doubted the effectiveness of the technique), and ordered that it be tried on thirty-four newborn orphans and sixty-seven orphans between the ages of five and fourteen years. The French overran the Austrian Netherlands in May. It was assumed that she had caught the infection when she went with her mother to pray in the Imperial Crypt next to the unsealed tomb of Empress Maria Josepha (Joseph's wife). She completely withdrew from court life, public events, and theater. The Battle of Koln that followed was a decisive victory for Austria. Religious differences prevented him from arranging his daughter's marriage to the Protestant prince Frederick of Prussia. However, Lombardy, the Austrian Netherlands and Hungary were almost completely untouched by this reform. Initially this was focused on the wealthier classes. [116], In light of the failure to reclaim Silesia during the Seven Years' War, the governing system was once again reformed to strengthen the state. SIXTEEN! Maria Carolina of Austria. Roman Catholicism. Prussian ambassador's letter to Frederick II of Prussia[127], The centralization of the Habsburg government necessitated the creation of a unified legal system. [183] Many of her policies were not in line with the ideals of the Enlightenment (such as her support of torture), and she was still very much influenced by Catholicism from the previous era. Maria Theresa struck me as a unique case: she was an absolute monarch but did not renounce her status as a wife and a mother. [45] Marshall Belle-Isle joined Frederick at Olmtz. Maria Theresa, who had become close to Francis Stephen, was relieved. Held in pretence, no implied sovereignty: Generations start with the daughters-in-law of, Generations are numbered by male-line descent from, Toggle Religious views and policies subsection, Toggle Titles, styles, honours, and arms subsection, Members of the Habsburg dynasty often married their close relatives; examples of such inbreeding were uncle-niece pairs (Maria Theresa's grandfather, Rather than using the formal manner and speech, Maria Theresa spoke (and sometimes wrote), Maria Theresa's father compelled Francis Stephen to renounce his rights to Lorraine and told him: ", Francis Stephen was at the time Grand Duke of Tuscany, but Tuscany had not been part of the Holy Roman Empire since the. [18][19], Francis Stephen remained at the imperial court until 1729, when he ascended the throne of Lorraine,[17] but was not formally promised Maria Theresa's hand until 31 January 1736, during the War of the Polish Succession. Maria Theresa abandoned all ornamentation, had her hair cut short, painted her rooms black and dressed in mourning for the rest of her life. [174], It is unlikely that Maria Theresa ever completely recovered from the smallpox attack in 1767, as 18th-century writers asserted. [9] The Prussian ambassador noted that she had large blue eyes, fair hair with a slight tinge of red, a wide mouth and a notably strong body. [113] She employed Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz, who modernised the empire by creating a standing army of 108,000men, paid for with 14million florins extracted from crown lands. [4] Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Prussia would adopt this form of government only after 1807. Contemporaries thought her Latin to be quite good, but in all else, the Jesuits did not educate her well. [130][131], She was particularly concerned with the sexual morality of her subjects. Much unlike Joseph, but with the support of religious authorities, Maria Theresa was opposed to the abolition of torture. [12] Her father allowed her to attend meetings of the council from the age of 14 but never discussed the affairs of state with her. Joseph II - Quotes, Emperor & Family - Biography From the accession of Maria Theresa to the Congress of Vienna War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-48. 4. The goal was to ensure that peasants not only could support themselves and their family members, but also help cover the national expenditure in peace or war. In defiance of the grave situation, she managed to secure the vital support of the Hungarians for the war effort. Prussia had greatly increased its territories and became a leading military power in Europe under his rule. [41] The resulting war with Prussia is known as the First Silesian War. [148] The Habsburg government under her rule also tried to strengthen its industry through government interventions. In addition, they cut back guild privileges, and internal duties on trade were either reformed or removed (such as the case for the Austrian-Bohemian lands in 1775). For the full article, see Maria Theresa . The child's sex caused great disappointment and so would the births of Maria Anna, the eldest surviving child, and Maria Carolina (17401741). The nobles also claimed that the system of forced labour had no connection with the peasants' poverty, which was a result of the peasants' own wastefulness and the increased royal taxes. Even though Francis Stephen was his favourite candidate for Maria Theresa's hand,[16] the Emperor considered other possibilities. [143] Prizes were given to the most able students to encourage ability. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lneburg and grandmother Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. However, the queen's ministers convinced her that the order posed a danger to her monarchical authority. She also promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganised Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing. [64], Prussia became anxious at Austrian advances on the Rhine frontier, and Frederick again invaded Bohemia, beginning a Second Silesian War; Prussian troops sacked Prague in August 1744. In July 1749, Maria Christina survived a bout of the disease, followed in January 1757 by Maria Theresa's eldest son Joseph. And in fact, at the death of Francis Stephen in 1765, Maria Theresa elevated her eldest son, Joseph to Emperor, ruling with him as co-regent until her own death in 1780.